Researchers in biochemistry, molecular biology, medicine and other fields commonly use centrifugation to separate sample components, a technology that relies on gravity and mass: particles in a heterogeneous solution will over time separate based on size and density. Smaller, less-dense particles may also migrate downward, but at a much slower rate; some particles will never settle, but remain suspended in solution. Because centrifuges accelerate and enhance this process, they have found widespread use across the sciences since the late 19th century.
Centrifugation utilizes centripetal force to drive the separation of a heterogeneous solution into supernatant and pellet. The modern centrifuge amplifies the force of gravity by spinning solutions at a high rate of speed to increase the rate of sedimentation. During this process, materials with a high particle density will sediment towards the axis of centrifugation (down the tube), while materials with a lower particle density will sediment away from the axis of centrifugation. For example, bacterial cells in suspension have a high particle density and will tend to settle to the bottom.
通常，在正常重力（1 g）的力下通常需要数小时或几天的过程，可以将10,000 g的力用相对廉价且易于使用的设备施加10,000 g时。离心机越快（即rpm越高），速度越快。相对离心力（RCF）是表达重力（G-Force）或转子转动的另一种方式，该方法使研究人员可以轻松地分离组织，细胞，细胞器和大分子以进行进一步研究。
The centrifuge incorporates one of two types of rotors, which house the tubes where separation occurs. Fixed-angle rotors hold tubes at a stable angle (typically 45°) relative to the axis of rotation. A swinging-bucket rotor swings out when centripetal force is applied and holds the cells at an approximate 90° angle relative to the angle of rotation. Recall that more dense materials will separate towards the angle of the centripetal force. Therefore in swinging-bucket rotors, the pelleted material will form at the bottom of the conical centrifuge tube whereas tubes processed in a fixed-angle rotor will form sedimentation on the side. This could be problematic if the solids get caught in the angle of the tube.
The fact that swinging-bucket rotors offer a superior sedimentation location makes them the obvious choice for centrifuging samples under most conditions; however, fixed-angle rotors offer valuable benefits that often make them a more desirable choice. What are they? First, due to its simple and efficient tube spacing, a fixed-angle rotor can hold a greater quantity of tubes compared to its swinging-bucket counterpart, making it more practical for high-throughput applications. Next, as a result of the rigid design of the metal alloy material, fixed rotors can withstand much higher gravitational forces necessary when separating biological macromolecules such as RNA, DNA and protein. Finally, researchers often wish to wash the pelleted material repeatedly after centrifugation. The placement of the pellet on the side of the tube allows it to be washed with solution more easily without the possibility of disturbing the pellet.
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Floor standing Multifuge X4F Pro Series Centrifuges by Thermo Fisher Scientific
1.6升Megafuge ST1和ST1R加上离心套件，带有摇摆桶转子的Thermo Fisher Scientific Scientific
Thermo Fisher Scientific的Multifuge X4和X4R Pro台式离心机
IVD认证的Multifuge X1R Pro台式台式制冷离心机由Thermo Fisher Scientific
Megafuge ST4 Plus Series Benchtop Centrifuges by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Benchtop Megafuge ST1 and ST1R Plus Centrifuges by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Hermle的台式Z207-M微输出式
MC-24 Touch High-Speed Microcentrifuge by Benchmark Scientific
CW3 Centra细胞垫圈由Thermo Fisher Scientific
Thermo Scientific Hereaus Pico 21 Ventilated and Fresco 17 Refrigerated Microcentrifuges
Compact Benchtop Centrifuges from Thermo Scientific
基准MyFuge 12迷你离心机类星体Instuments
小型/微离心机由基准科学和Thermo Fisher提供
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通常，在正常重力（1 g）的力下通常需要数小时或几天的过程，可以将10,000 g的力用相对廉价且易于使用的设备施加10,000 g时。离心机越快（即rpm越高），速度越快。相对离心力（RCF）是表达重力（G-Force）或转子转动的另一种方式，该方法使研究人员可以轻松地分离组织，细胞，细胞器和大分子以进行进一步研究。
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